FOREST ECOLOGY AND HERBARIUM TECHNIQUES

Forests are among the most complex and valuable ecosystems on Earth, supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, maintaining soil and water resources, and providing essential ecosystem services. Understanding forest ecosystems therefore requires an integrated knowledge of ecology, vegetation sampling, plant identification, herbarium science, and modern technologies. Forest Ecology and Herbarium Techniques has been prepared to provide a concise and systematic overview of these interconnected areas. The book covers fundamental concepts of forest ecology, plant–soil interactions, biodiversity, productivity, carbon sequestration, climate change, and ecosystem resilience. It also introduces practical approaches to vegetation sampling, field surveys, permanent plots, and biodiversity assessment.